Understanding Urological Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Urological cancers encompass a group of malignancies affecting the urinary and reproductive systems, including the bladder, kidneys, and prostate. The causes are multifaceted, involving factors such as age, genetics, gender, and environmental exposures. Common symptoms may include blood in urine, changes in urinary habits, pelvic pain, or unexplained weight loss.
Most Common Types of Urological Cancer
- Prostate Cancer: Prostate cancer is a prevalent form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland in men. It often grows slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms initially. Regular screenings are essential for early detection, allowing for effective intervention and improved outcomes.
- Bladder Cancer: Bladder cancer originates in the cells lining the bladder. It is commonly associated with blood in the urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment, which may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
- Kidney Cancer: Kidney cancer typically forms in the small tubes of the kidneys and is often discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, persistent pain, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment options range from surgery to targeted therapies, depending on the stage and characteristics of the cancer.
Less Common Types of Urological Cancers:
- Penile Cancer: Penile cancer affects the tissues of the penis and is relatively rare. Symptoms may include changes in skin color or thickness, lumps, or ulcers. Early detection is vital, and treatment options may involve surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
- Testicular Cancer: Testicular cancer arises in the testicles and predominantly affects young men. Signs include testicular lumps, swelling, or discomfort. With early diagnosis and effective treatment, including surgery and chemotherapy, the prognosis for testicular cancer is generally favorable.
- Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer: Upper tract urothelial cancer involves the lining of the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters. Symptoms may include blood in the urine and flank pain. Treatment options range from surgery to systemic therapies, with the goal of preventing the spread of the cancer.
Understanding the characteristics and symptoms of these urological cancers is crucial for early detection and effective management. Regular check-ups and prompt medical attention for any concerning symptoms play a vital role in ensuring optimal outcomes for individuals facing urological cancers.
Urologic cancers are a group of cancers that affect the organs of the urinary system and male reproductive system. The primary causes of urologic cancers are complex and often multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Urological cancers may present with symptoms like blood in the urine, changes in urinary habits, and pain during urination. Additional signs include pelvic or back pain, flank pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and swelling. Testicular cancer might show a painless lump, scrotum discomfort, and testicle or groin pain. Other potential symptoms involve discharge from the urethra, difficulty urinating, and changes in skin on the penis.
The treatment approach for urological cancers generally involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the type, stage, and characteristics of the cancer. Additionally, active surveillance may be recommended for certain cases. Treatment decisions are made based on factors such as the cancer’s size, location, and whether it has spread.
Specific Treatments for Each Type:
Radical Nephrectomy (Kidney Cancer): This surgical procedure involves the removal of the entire affected kidney, commonly employed for larger kidney tumors.
Radical Nephroureterectomy (Upper Urinary Tract Cancer): This procedure entails the removal of the entire kidney, ureter, and a portion of the bladder, typically performed for upper urinary tract tumors.
Partial Nephrectomy, Partial Cystectomy (Kidney or Bladder Cancer): In cases where preserving kidney function is crucial, partial nephrectomy or partial cystectomy is performed. This involves the removal of a portion of the kidney or bladder, sparing healthy tissue.
Radical Orchidectomy (Testicular Cancer): The standard treatment for most cases of testicular cancer involves the surgical removal of the affected testicle.
Penectomy (Penile Cancer): Surgical removal of the penis, either partially or completely, is conducted based on the extent and location of the cancer.
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT – Bladder Cancer): This procedure involves the removal of bladder tumors using a cystoscope, serving both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for non-invasive bladder cancer. It may be followed by intravesical therapy, where medication is placed directly into the bladder.
Endoscopic Ablation of Urothelial Cancer: Employing endoscopic techniques, such as laser ablation, electrocautery, or cryotherapy, this approach is used to destroy or remove cancerous tissue in cases of superficial tumors in the bladder or upper urinary tract.
Radical Prostatectomy: Removal of prostate gland and seminal vesicle for early prostate cancer
Radical Cystectomy: This major surgical procedure involve the removal of the entire bladder, and the creation of a new bladder
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Dr. Nor Azhari Bin Mohd Zam
Urologist Singapore
- Skilled urologist and kidney stone surgeon
- Director of Endourology (Urinary stone service) at Singapore General Hospital – 2016 to 2023
- Recognized with the College of Surgeons Gold Medal and Singapore Urological Association Book prize
- Minimally invasive treatment options available (non invasive and endoscopic/key-hole techniques)
With over 14 years of experience as a certified Urologist, Dr Nor Azhari specializes in treating a wide range of bladder, kidney, and prostate conditions. He offers minimally invasive treatment options and provides same-day appointments for convenience.