Prostate Cancer in Singapore: A Comprehensive Overview
Prostate cancer is a common cancer among men, originating in the prostate gland, which is responsible for producing seminal fluid. In Singapore, prostate cancer is one of the leading cancers affecting men, particularly those over the age of 50. Understanding the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for early detection and effective management.
Symptoms
Early stage prostate cancer does not usually cause any symptoms. It is usually detected during screening when an abnormal blood test (PSA – prostate specific antigen) is found. Or when a digital rectal examination finds an abnormal feeling prostate. However, when the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:
- Frequent urination, including urination at night: Increased need to urinate, especially at night.
- Urinary hesitancy – difficulty in initiating urination: Trouble starting or stopping the urine flow.
- Weak urine flow or interrupted urine: Reduced force in the stream of urine.
- Weak urine flow or interrupted urine: Presence of blood can be a warning sign.
- Pain or discomfort on passing urine: Painful urination or ejaculation, or discomfort in the pelvic area.
- Bone Pain: Pain in the hips, back, or other areas if the cancer has spread to the bones.
Causes
The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known, but several factors can increase the risk, including:
- Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50.
- Family History: Having a family history of prostate cancer increases the risk.
- Ethnicity: African men are at higher risk compared to men of other ethnicities.
- Diet: A diet high in red meat and high-fat dairy products may increase the risk.
- Genetic Factors: Certain genetic mutations may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Early diagnosis of prostate cancer involves several steps and tests:
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test : A blood test that measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a tumour marker for prostate cancer. Elevated levels may indicate presence of prostate cancer.
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical examination where a doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to check for abnormalities.
Biopsy: If PSA levels are high or abnormalities are found during DRE, a biopsy may be performed. A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.
Imaging Tests: MRI, CT scans, and bone scans can help determine if the cancer has spread beyond the prostate.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer
The treatment for prostate cancer depends on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer, as well as the patient’s age and overall health. A multidisciplinary approach tailored to the patient’s unique circumstances may be required, and the treatment options include:
- Active Surveillance: Monitoring the cancer closely without immediate treatment. This is often recommended for slow-growing cancers.
- Surgery: A radical prostatectomy involves removing the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells. This can be done externally or internally (brachytherapy).
- Hormone Therapy: Also known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), it reduces the levels of male hormones that can promote cancer growth.
- Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cancer cells. This is typically used for advanced prostate cancer.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. It can be used for advanced or recurrent prostate cancer.
FAQs
At our clinic, we prioritize your comfort and well-being. Dr Azhari takes a patient-centered approach, considering your unique health profile and lifestyle in recommending the most suitable treatment.
Prostate cancer is diagnosed using a combination of PSA tests, digital rectal exams (DRE), biopsies, and imaging tests like MRI and CT scans to confirm the presence and stage of the cancer.
Risk factors include age (especially over 50), family history, ethnicity (higher risk in African men), diet high in red meat and high-fat dairy products, and certain genetic mutations.
Treatment options include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The choice depends on the cancer’s stage and the patient’s overall health.
After treatment, patients may experience side effects like urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and fatigue. Regular follow-up appointments are crucial to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects. Support groups and lifestyle changes can aid in recovery and improve quality of life.
For more detailed information or to schedule a consultation, please contact our medical professionals. We are dedicated to providing the necessary care and support for prostate cancer patients in Singapore.
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Dr. Nor Azhari Bin Mohd Zam
Urologist Singapore
- Skilled urologist and kidney stone surgeon
- Director of Endourology (Urinary stone service) at Singapore General Hospital – 2016 to 2023
- Recognized with the College of Surgeons Gold Medal and Singapore Urological Association Book prize
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With over 14 years of experience as a certified Urologist, Dr Nor Azhari specializes in treating a wide range of bladder, kidney, and prostate conditions. He offers minimally invasive treatment options and provides same-day appointments for convenience.